The former player: 'I hoped to carry on playing'
Important note: This article includes details of racially offensive comments and conduct
FormerEngland centre Luther Burrell states that going public to expose racial discrimination in professional rugby brought his professional journey to an premature conclusion.
In a June 2022, Burrell characterized racism as being "rife" in the game, showing Whatsapp messages and remembering training ground "comments" he had been subject to while playing for Newcastle.
Then 34 and out of contract, Burrell's only elite playing since has been three appearances with invitational side the Barbarians.
"I've have absolutely had to retire because of what happened," he told reporters.
"I hoped to carry on competing, naturally I did. I pursued that, and it fell through when word emerged that there were inquiries underway.
"That was difficult - I had to simply accept the outcome and understand that this whole process is a lot bigger than me."
A sports organization report in April 2023 found Burrell's claims were accurate "on the balance of probability", but stated it could not collect enough evidence to definitively say they occurred at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell started all of England's international games in 2014-15, but was controversially excluded for their squad for the 2015 tournament
Burrell told journalists he also encountered discrimination within the England set-up, during a international career that saw him win 15 appearances after his first game in 2014.
"I've had several traumatic experiences within England camp," he said.
"Certain instances of discrimination and other just outdated thinking that's really inappropriate."
Racism had become normalised in dressing rooms, in Burrell's view.
"It's something that has been disguised as humour and that's been the problem that I've personally suffered and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"During a extended period you just learn to believe that it's the norm and that is fine and that it's not harmful, but that's incorrect."
Burrell says he was eventually spurred to speak out after a fellow player at Newcastle referred to him as a "slave" and instructed him to put sunscreen on his wrists and ankles "where chains would be placed."
The rugby authority said Burrell's revelations had led to "increased scrutiny at the environment within the elite game and to the implementation of an action plan for the professional game."
"We has placed significant focus on inclusion and inclusion in the sport and a substantial amount of work undertaken both prior and after Luther Burrell came forward and shared his encounters of racism and classism," it continued.
"The organization are continuing work with teams and stakeholders in the professional game to strive for a culture of acceptance but recognize this requires patience and is an ongoing process."
Every Prem and women's rugby club now has in-person training on building welcoming cultures, with its success monitored via individual reports and feedback.
All England players, including age-grade squads, are educated in being "active bystanders" to intervene and defend others from damaging behaviour.
"You be so proud of what you have done," Burrell's mother Joyce said to him as part of the documentary about his experiences.
"I know it has had this impact on you and finished your career, but in our eyes, you have done so well. We are so proud of you and to have you as a family member."
Burrell's dad Geoff passed away soon after the production of the film, and his sister died earlier this year.
Burrell, who was raised on a council estate in his hometown, maintains his work to make the sport more open.
His 12 Foundation works to connect with young people in under-served communities and help them succeed on and off the pitch with free sports coaching, mentoring and dietary education.
"My motivations are pure, I want to see the progress of the sport and if nobody else is prepared to share their experience then I'll persist to advocate for that fight because I'm not just doing this for myself," he said.
"Everyone involved have an obligation to make the game as great as it can be and the more I talk about it hopefully the more confident fellow players will become about discussing their own experiences as well.
"I take the challenge by the opportunity and continue bearing this flag and keep carrying this responsibility and do what I can to create opportunities and make the game more attractive and more welcoming.
"There's a lot of disadvantaged children and a lot of economic hardship and I honestly think that rugby has the potential to change their futures, just as it did for me."
Burrell scored a try for the Barbarians on a return to previous team Northampton in November 2022